tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70519210133002066782024-02-06T19:53:40.371-08:00SlumpforskarenImrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03166875874192687343noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051921013300206678.post-88518800128682607792020-05-14T16:57:00.004-07:002020-05-15T02:21:27.925-07:00Probability and statistics in monitoring of epidemics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span>My friend and
colleague Calle Berglöf recently challenged us reactor physicist colleagues
whether we can utilise the knowledge we use in methods of determining reactor
safety parameters by stochastic methods in controlling, or at least monitoring
the spread of the Covid-19 pandemics. This brought up to me an interesting application
of probability theory in disease control which I thought to share here. It is
not applicable to the Covid-19 pandemics, but it shows how probability theory
can make a very significant contribution in connection with detecting diseases.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1pt;"> <span>I found this pearl in the outstanding book “An Introduction to Probability
Theory and Its Applications", Vol. I, by William Feller.The method was
invented by a certain R. Dorfman during World War II, when one had to take a
large number of blood tests to detect diseases (such as malaria) at the troops fighting in
tropical countries. In a situation when there are very few infected persons,
most of the tests are negative, hence lots of tests are done in vain. The
solution Dorfman used was to pool the blood samples from a group of <i>k</i> persons, and hence analyse the samples together. If the test was negative, all
<i>k </i>persons were found healthy with one single test. If the test of the
pool was positive, then all persons had to be tested separately. In this latter
case one had to perform <i>k</i>+1 tests. However, on the average, the gain
with the cases when the group sample was negative, was much larger than the
loss of the extra test of the group which proved positive. According to Feller,
Dorfman achieved savings of up to 80%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1pt;"><span>We can give an
illustration here. Assume that on the average, only one person in 100 is
infected, i.e. the probability that a single person is infected is 1/100.
Assume that one needs to test 1000 persons. Then, on the average, the total
number of infected persons in this population is 10. If one divides the 1000
persons into 100 groups with 10 persons in each group, then roughly 9 out of 10
groups will prove negative, and only one positive. For the 100 groups, one has
to take first 100 tests (one for each group). 90 group (900 persons) will be
negative, and 10 (100 persons) positive. These latter will have to be tested
individually, which means another 100 tests. The total number of tests is 200,
instead of 1000, hence the savings is 80%.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1pt;"><span>In reality, the
situation is even better. Namely, there is a chance that in several groups,
there are 2 or more infected persons, and this means that the number of groups which
prove negative will be even higher. Also, one can refine the method such that
in the groups which proved to be positive, one can further sub-divide them into
smaller groups, and perform the same strategy as above. </span></div>
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<span>Of course, to optimise
the method, one has to have an estimate of the probability of a person being
infected. But this can be estimated by testing first 100 persons individually
and count the number of positive tests. If one has a good estimate of this probability,
then, for any population size to be tested, one can determine</span><span><span>, from probability theory,</span>
the optimum strategy (number and size of groups) which gives, on the average, the least number of tests
needed.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1pt;"><span>In principle,
such a method could be effective to identify the individuals bearing the corona
virus in a large population, which could reduce the number of necessary tests
drastically, given the fact that the probability of being infected is low. However,
the corona test is not based on blood samples, and unlike in the army, the people
to be tested are not concentrated in a small area (this would be very unwise), so in practice this method
cannot be applied to fight the Covid-19.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1pt;"><span>After having published the above text on Facebook, I got the interesting comment from Yves Barmaz that the above simple example does not take into account specificity and sensitivity, and worse, how the performance of a single test would get affected by batching.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1pt;"><span>It is true that the simple example I gave is based on the assumption that each and every test gives the correct result. This is an idealisation, but in many cases it should be true or nearly true, otherwise we cannot trust medicine...</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1pt;"><span>If a test has a certain probability to give erroneous results, then both the traditional method of testing individually, as well as the batching method, will have a probability of a number of misclassifications. This does not say immediately which is better. If the test reliability is close to unity, the batching method should be still better. With a high probability of test error, it might well be that the batching method, while requiring less tests, will miss (much) more positive cases. Since the corona virus test, or some of them, are not 100% reliable, this is another reason why the batching method should not be used to monitor the development of the Covid-19 pandemics.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1pt;"><span>But even for not 100% reliable methods, it is still possible to devise an optimum method if one assumes a probability of the failure of a single test. It might well be that under some circumstances it will turn out that the individual test is best. This question can be developed to a goldmine of statistical problems (and I am sure mathematicians have dealt with it) by defining the probability of both the "missed alarm" (not detecting the infection) and "false alarm" (declaring a person infected when she/he is not), and calculating the probabilities of the number of missed and false alarms in the testing of a population with various strategies, and calculating expectations and moments. However, then one has also to define what is an "optimum" in order to find the optimal strategy.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1pt;"><span>My purpose was only to give the illustration of a principle in an idealised case, and the principle is still genial. At any rate, in such cases my motto is a statement from the first edition of the book of Athanasios Papoulis "Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes". It disappeared from the later editions, but it is reproduced in the preface of the second edition: <br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1pt;"><span>"Scientific theories deal with concepts, not with reality. All theoretical results are derived from certain axioms by deductive logic. In physical sciences the theories are so formulated as to correspond in some useful sense to the real world, whatever that may mean. However, this correspondence is approximate, and the physical justification of all theoretical conclusions is based on some form of inductive reasoning".<br /></span></div>
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Imrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03166875874192687343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051921013300206678.post-3548467722689262892015-10-13T08:45:00.001-07:002016-12-19T04:17:24.962-08:00Feedback: One physicist started it all<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<i>This is an English translation of a "Readers digest" which I published in the Swedish popular science journal "Forskning och Framsteg" (F&F, in English: Research and Progress) in 2009 (<a href="http://fof.se/tidning/2009/2/aterkoppling-en-fysiker-startade-utvecklingen">F&F 2/2009</a>; in Swedish). It was written as a reflection on a side-line of a previous article in F&F about the four Japanese Nobel prize winners in 2008 with the title "<a href="http://fof.se/tidning/2008/8/ingenting-ar-perfekt">Nothing is perfect</a>" (Ingenting är perfekt). The side-line is called "The Japanese wonder".</i> </h4>
Japan's scientific development which, among others, led to four Nobel prizes last fall, could have hardly been possible without the country's first great scientist of international dimensions, the physicist Yoshio Nishina (1890-1951). However, he is only mentioned indirectly in F&F's chronicle.<br />
<br />
Nishina worked in Niels Bohrs institute in Copenhagen during the years 1921-28, an unusually long stay in a foreign land for a Japanese at that time. The visit took place while the new quantum mechanics took shape. Towards the end of his visit Nishina derived, together with the Swedish physicist Oskar Klein, a quantum mechanical formula for the scattering of photons on electrons. This came to be the famous Klein-Nishina formula, which even today is the standard tool in the calculations for e.g. radiation protection.<br />
<br />
After returning back to Japan in 1928, he built up modern physics research in Japan with many young researchers, and he established contact with overseas research in the west. He invited several of the world's most prominent researchers to Japan, e.g. Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg and Niels Bohr, all three being Nobel Laureates in physics. Their lectures inspired the young Japanese physicists enormously.<br />
<br />
To his research in nuclear physics, he built a gigantic Wilson chamber, and later two cyclotrons. With these equipment he positioned himself at the frontline of international research. Among others, he could have received the Nobel prize for his discovery of the meson in a measurement with the Wilson chamber. Due to a misunderstanding, his publication of the discovery got delayed, and during the delay other competing groups managed to publish their results. On the other hand two of his students received the Nobel prize: Hideki Yukawa (1949) for his meson theory, and Sin-Ichiro Tomonaga (1965) for quantum electrodynamics. Yukawa was the very first Japanese Nobel prize winner ever.<br />
<br />
During WW2 Nishina was ordered to work on Japan's atomic bomb project, but as it was mentioned in the article in F&F, the project did not get especially far with the meager resources he had access to. When the bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was he ordered by the military to visit both places, to confirm whether it was indeed atomic bombs that were dropped. He collected a large number of samples, and the visit probably contributed to the fact that a few years later he died in an aggressive lever cancer.<br />
<br />
Despite protests from the international scientific community, straight after the war Nishina had to witness that the American War Department dumped both of his cyclotrons in the deep waters of the Bay of Tokyo, because they suspected (erroneously) that they could be used to generate material for nuclear weapons.<br />
<br />
In 2004, together with Kojiro Nishina, the son of Yoshio Nishina and just like his father, himself a professor in physics, and article in the annual booklet "Kosmos" of the Swedish Physical Society:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.nephy.chalmers.se/staff-pages/imre/publ/124kosmos04_nishina_eng.pdf">Yoshio Nishina and the birth of modern physics in Japan</a>. <br />
<br />
Imre Pázsit<br />
Professor in Nuclear Engineering<br />
Chalmers University of Technology</div>
Imrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03166875874192687343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051921013300206678.post-64409726836928098302015-10-06T16:08:00.000-07:002015-12-20T10:44:02.827-08:00Nuclear reactors in the service of fundamental research<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Power producing nuclear reactors are technological and engineering
facilities, whose primary purpose has nothing to do with basic research.
However, they turned out to be indispensible in one area of probing Nature’s
innermost secrets, namely to find out whether or not the neutrino has a
non-zero rest mass.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Neutrinos are one of the most elusive particles in nature. They are
neutral (lack electric charge) and interact with matter extremely weakly; they
can even penetrate the whole Earth without a noticeable chance of being
absorbed. For the very same reason, they are extremely difficult to detect.
They exist in three different forms (in elementary physics jargon called
”flavours”): electron-, muon- and tauneutrinos. <o:p></o:p></div>
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For a long time, one believed that neutrinos, just as photons, have no
rest mass. But there have also been speculations, as well as some indirect
indications, that they might have a non-zero, even if exceedingly small, rest
mass. According to theory, these three types of neutrinos are built up from three
different mass states. If these three masses are different, then the three
different flavours should oscillate among each other. If one can observe oscillations
between two neutrino types, it means that they have different masses, hence at
least one of them must be larger than zero.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The simplest way to verify oscillations experimentally is to prove the
absence of a particular type of neutrinos at a certain distance from a source,
which emits just that type of neutrinos. However, the experiment can only be
successful if the distance between the source and the detector matches the
frequency of the oscillations. For maximum success there is an optimal minimum
distance. <o:p></o:p><br />
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The first proof of the neutrino oscillations, and hence that of the
existence of the neutrino mass, came from the Super-Kamiokande experiment in
central Honshu in Japan (see the map below, Fig. 1). One proved the
oscillations between muon- and tau-neutrinos, by measuring atmospheric
neutrinos, which are given rise by cosmic radiation. With the help of direction
sensitive detection methods, one performed measurements partly on neutrinos
generated above the detection site, i.e. close to the detectors, and partly on
neutrinos which were generated on the diagonally opposite side of the Earth. The
distance, i.e. the diameter of the Earth, was perfect for confirming the
existence of oscillations through the difference in the detection intensity
between the two detectors. This is one of the two measurements for which the Nobel prize in
physics was awarded in 2015.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext;">Figure </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
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style='color:windowtext'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext;">. The site of the Kamioka and Super-Kamiokande </span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoCaption">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext;">experiment i </span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext;">Honshu, Japan, </span><span style="color: windowtext;">with the site of several </span></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: windowtext;">nuclear reactors </span><span style="color: windowtext;">indicated </span></span></i><i style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-size: small;">by a grey ring around the </span></i></div>
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<i style="color: windowtext;"><span style="font-size: small;">detector facility </span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
However, for completeness and certainty, the other two types of neutrino
oscillations, both related to electron neutrinos, had also to be shown. These
were much harder to achieve, since there was no suitable source with a suitable
distance to a detector in such a natural way as for the muon-tau-neutrino
oscillations. It is at this point that nuclear reactors came in to the picture.
Nuclear reactors are very intensive sources of electron-neutrinos (actually, antineutrinos, but this is an unimportant detail in the context), hence
they are very suitable for measuring both
electron-muonneutrino as well as electron-tauneutrino-oscillations. It
was even suggested that the operation of nuclear reactors can be monitored from
a distance by measuring the neutrino flux.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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It turned out that the site of the Super-Kamiokande-experiment was very
fortunate in this respect. Namely, there are a number of nuclear reactors in
form of a ring around the detector facility, at a distance of between 140 to
180 km (see Fig. 1 above). (These measurements were performed about 8 years
before the Fukushima accident, hence all reactors were in operation then). The
detector was re-built for the purpose of this experiment, and was re-named KamLAND.
It was in this experiment that the oscillations between electron- and muon-neutrinos
were verified. A paper on these experiments, published in the Physical Review
Letters by the research group led by Professor Atsuto Suzuki at Tohoku
University, Sendai, became the most frequently cited paper during a period in 2003.
The use of nuclear reactors is mentioned even in the title of the paper: ”First
results from KamLAND: Evidence for reactor antineutrino disappearance” (Fig. 2).</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Now there was only the third type of oscillations to be found, namely
that between the electron- and tau-neutrinos.
And even here the experiment had to be based on reactor neutrinos, but the
reactors around KamLAND were not at a suitable distance. It was clear that the
source should lie much closer to the detectors. At that point, the neutrino
physicists asked for help from reactor physicists, and this is how I came into
the picture. <span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQuZR_tpARZtFvJ900-8Qz3dGRf6fQcdRDkPvNyb9zZk3TsjaSnlupGHpQfzaGU13TglmPrxObqqF_6U47g8im7ZJr3KaOgPnhaF-HPrg7MzUZlUXl_F7GE64HPSd6IvCQRu4OzaOHEvk/s1600/Fig2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQuZR_tpARZtFvJ900-8Qz3dGRf6fQcdRDkPvNyb9zZk3TsjaSnlupGHpQfzaGU13TglmPrxObqqF_6U47g8im7ZJr3KaOgPnhaF-HPrg7MzUZlUXl_F7GE64HPSd6IvCQRu4OzaOHEvk/s400/Fig2.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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style='color:windowtext'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--></i><span lang="SV" style="color: windowtext;"><i>. Photo of the author and data of the
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<span lang="EN-US">It was on one of my numerous visits to Japan,
in 2005, when I was about to meet my colleagues at Tohoku University in Sendai.
I got a message from my first host and long-standing friend, Prof. Kojiro
Nishina of Nagoya University, that the Vice President of Tohoku University, Prof.
A. Suzuki, who found the second type of oscillations, wanted to meet me. He was
trying to find a strong, movable neutrino source. During our meeting he asked me
if it was possible to construct a movable nuclear reactor for neutrino
experiments, in the race for finding the third type of neutrino oscillations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">His idea was to move the reactor under the ground,
presumably vertically, since it is not easy to move a nuclear reactor on the
surface in densely populated areas. That was no easy question. The idea of SMRs (compact small- and medium size
reactors), which exist now at least on the drawing board, did not exist then
yet. I recommended to use an accelerator driven subcritical system, which has
good safety margins and can be shut down and start up again between the moves.
Nuclear vessels, such as submarines, icebreakers or aircraft carriers, could
not come into the question, since the distance to the closes coastline was too
long. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">The KamLAND project with a movable nuclear
reactor has not come about, the technical, safety and financial problems were
simply prohibitively large. The third types of oscillations were instead
verified not by putting a source to a suitable distance to an existing
detector, rather by building a detector facility close to a large nuclear
reactor site with several reactors. These experiments were performed first in
China in 2012, then even in France and later on in South Korea. In all three measurements,
neutrinos from nuclear power plants were used. The first, decisive experiments
were made in China, around the six reactors of the Daya Bay site, with six
antineutrino detectors. The distance between the detectors and the reactors
varied between 0.5 and 1.5 kms. The movable reactor which Prof. Suzuki was
thinking of, would not need to travel a long distance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Personally, I was glad to hear about the
experiments in KamLAND in Japan and Daya Bay in China, for the double reason
that partly now I am a reactor physicist, but partly because I have some past
in theoretical physics. I studied particle physics at the Lorand Eötvös
University in Budapest and had strong interaction as the special field. My
master thesis had the title ”Dual resonance model with SU(6)-symmetry for meson
scattering”. Neutrinos interact through the weak forces, so my area was at a
completely different area. Despite of this and that I have left the area of
theoretical physics long ago, I am naturally delighted that my present field of
work could contribute to fundamental science, and also that the question of
neutrino oscillations and neutrino mass is now finally settled :) .</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br /></div>
Imrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03166875874192687343noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051921013300206678.post-62328112665271490892015-06-29T08:49:00.000-07:002015-06-29T09:01:53.777-07:00Skillnaden mellan rektorer och rektorer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Snacka om skillnaden mellan rektorer och rektorer.<br />
<br />
Tillsammans med en fysikerkollega, verksam i Krakow, Polen, har vi ett par år sedan skrivit en minibok om den mycket spännande och fascinerande historian av kärnklyvningens upptäckt (The discovery of nuclear fission - women scientists in highlight). Särskilt betonade vi rollen i upptäckten av några framstående kvinnliga fysiker, som inte fick det erkännande som de förtjänade (främst Lise Meitner).<br />
<br />
För detta belönades min kvinnlig medförfattare med Rektors pris på sitt universitet (se intyg nedan, tillsammans med bokens omslag).<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiki2Dj-xXUSYJrYo6tbwxe9E7_YBQumuKrbctSBbLiBjqQE62LV-X6OeK5YujNPW4aSHcXoVH8eivT-HN-0x4xM6RFevZtisG35uAI9wGmFtsCBt2YwltKvfwXtoLcX-igRiyF7GJmimg/s1600/prize.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiki2Dj-xXUSYJrYo6tbwxe9E7_YBQumuKrbctSBbLiBjqQE62LV-X6OeK5YujNPW4aSHcXoVH8eivT-HN-0x4xM6RFevZtisG35uAI9wGmFtsCBt2YwltKvfwXtoLcX-igRiyF7GJmimg/s400/prize.jpg" width="400" /></a> <br />
Min egen rektor, en kvinna, lät däremot bli att bekräfta ens att hon fick ett ex av boken.<br />
<br />
Det finns alltså tydliga skillnader mellan rektorer och rektorer (eller var det skillnaden mellan författare och författare?). Jag antar i alla fall att jag inte är den enda som tycker att det är spännande att få en ny rektor vid månadsskiftet. <br />
<br /></div>
Imrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03166875874192687343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051921013300206678.post-36848841079815911482013-01-21T14:20:00.004-08:002023-01-13T04:47:43.692-08:00En NIMBY-trotsares äventyr<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="SV">Som bekant står uttrycket NIMBY, “Not In My
BackYard”, för en negativ attityd eller rentav hyckleri. Alltså när man låtsas
förespråka eller acceptera något, men vill egentligen ha motsatsen. Typ ”Jag
tycker om invandrare så långt de bor i en annan kommun”. Eller, varför inte,
”Kärnenergi är bra så långt reaktorerna byggs inte i min kommun, uranet bryts i
Kazakhstan och avfallet dumpas i något u-land i Afrika eller Asien”.
NIMBY-folket vill alltså bara ta fördelar av saken ifråga, men förväntar sig
att någon annan tar nackdelarna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Det är därför ingen överraskning att
Nimby-attityden inte är uppskattad. Det torde dock vara intressant att inse att
motsatsen till Nimby-attityden kan visa sig ännu mindre uppskattad, och kan t o
m väcka starka känslor. Jag fick uppleva det och vill gärna dela mina
erfarenheter. Det kanske säger inte så mycket om Nimby-folket, utan om andra. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Det handlar givetvis om ett av exemplen ovan,
kärnkraft. Historian går tillbaka till mitten av 90-talet. Det såg dystert ut
för kärnkraft i Sverige, 2010 som ”bortre parentes” verkade vara ganska
bestämt, åtminstone formellt och inom politik. Även allmänheten var mer delad och
mindre positiv än idag, och de politiska motståndarnas floskler satt väl hos
många. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Det var en paneldebatt i Elyseum i Göteborg om
kärnenergi med Agneta Rising från Ringhals som proponent och gamla, redan
pensionerade centerpartiledaren Olof Johansson som motståndare.
Agneta var en stjärna på svenska kärnkraftshimmelen, även om senare omedvetet kunde fatta
beslut som kom att drabba det egna folket. Hon var
lysande och en excellent debattör. Hon parerade galant varje av Olof Johanssons
argument och vann debatten stort, åtminstone vad mig beträffar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Det var i denna debatt att när det kom till
slutförvar av utbränt bränsle och dess risker, så agerade Agneta som en
Nimby-trotsare. Hon konstaterade att om man fördelar bland svenska folket den
totala mängden av högaktivt avfall som man producerar i hela det svenska
kärnenergiprogrammet (då med antagandet av slut 2010), så blir det i runda tal
1 kg avfall per hushåll. För att visa att detta handlar om hanterbara mängder och
små risker så sade hon att för sin del var hon beredd att deponera 1 kg avfall
i sin egen trädgård. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="SV">Detta var ett strålande argument tyckte jag
och omedelbart anammade det. Argumentet, som fungerade bra i Elyseum, fungerade
dock inte överallt, fick jag snart erfara. Först blev det en intervju med mig
om kärnkraft i lokalradion. Då tog jag fram Agnetas resonemang och deklarerade
att jag var beredd att ta mitt ansvar och gräva ner min beskärda del av
kärnavfallet i min trädgård. Vad jag inte tänkte på att jag inte bodde ensam på
Kläppegatan i Mölndal och mitt utlåtande gjorde alla grannar enormt nervösa.
”Tänker du verkligen gräva ner atomsopor i din trädgård? Har du tänk på oss?”
De tänkte nog att hela Kläppegatan kommer att bli radioaktiv med mina
atomsopor. Det framgick ju inte från intervjun att jag tänkte gräva ner
avfallet på samma villkor som i slutförvaret, nämligen i kopparkapsel och 500
meter djupt med en isolering av bentonitlera runt kapseln. De trodde kanske att jag tänkte
lägga avfallet på komposten eller så. Det var faktiskt smickrande att de trodde
att jag var så inflytelserik att jag kunde få mitt 1 kg högaktivt material bara
jag ville, utan tillstånd från Strålsäkerhetsmyndigheten. Hursomhelst, jag
lärde mig att vill man bli en Nimby-trotsare så måste man göra det ensam utan
att blanda in andra. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Men värre skulle det bli och då i ett fall där min anti-Nimby attityd
väckte heta känslor av en helt annan anledning. En kvinnlig journalist på
Aftonbladet gjorde intervju med mig angående slutförvar och där råkade jag
återigen nämna, om än förbigående, min villighet att gräva ner kärnavfall i min
trädgård. Det skulle jag inte ha gjort, även om jag nu nämnde kopparkapseln,
500 metern och bentonitleran. Jag fick se texten innan den gick i tryck, men
rubriken får man aldrig se, inte bara hos Aftonbladet utan inte ens hos de mer
seriösa dagstidningarna. Rubriken blev helt enkelt citatet: "Jag hade kunnat gräva ner kärnavfallet i trädgården"<experten: ag="ag" dg="dg" gr="gr" hade="hade" i="i" k="k" kunnat="kunnat" min="min" ner="ner" rd="rd" rnavfallet="rnavfallet" tr="tr" va="va">; vilket
var säkert bra för tidningens läsarsiffror men var ju rena katastrofen för att man
skulle kunna uppfatta artikeln som seriös.</experten:></span><!--EndFragment-->
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<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Reaktionen låt inte vänta på sig länge.
Rubriken med mitt tvångsleende foto gjorde mig åtlöje även bland kollegorna,
men det är ganska förståelig. Intressantare är det att många till mig okända
människor upprörde sig om tanken att jag var beredd att ta hand om ”mitt”
avfall (de använder ju lika mycket kärnkraftsel som jag, närmare bestämt nära
50%, men det är en annan femma). Priset går till den här inte namngiven skribent som publicerade en
blogg där mitt namn blev gentilt omvandlat till ”Imre Parazit” vilket är ju en antydan
om att jag är en som utnyttjar andra. Det är ju intressant med tanke på att min
handling var ju precis åt motsatt håll. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Förklaringen är dock enkel. Förutom att visa
drag av att njuta av trakassera andra, är nämnda skribent med all sannolikhet
en bitter kärnkraftsmotståndare, som gärna ville se proponenter som hycklare
och Nimby-utövare. Det måste då kännas hårt när man plötsligt tappar ett
viktigt argument. Inte undra på att han blir då upprörd och resonemanget och
tonvalet blir efter intelligensen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV">Slutsatsen måste ju vara att de som tycker
illa om en sak, kommer inte att byta åsikt genom att anhängaren deklarerar att
man är ingen Nimby-utövare. Tvärtom, de blir rasande. Det viktiga är att man är
på avvikande mening än de själva, Nimbyare eller ej. Fast det är ändå slående
att anti-Nimby attituden väcker så pass mycket starkare emotioner än motsatsen.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Så det är bäst om jag
ger upp planerna på ett familjeslutförvar på Kläppegatan för gott. Det är ändå
bättre att återanvända använt bränsle än att gräva ner det, ty då får man ut resterade
typ 98% av energiinnehållet. Det är vad svensk forskning om modern kärnkraft, inklusive vår på Chalmers, går ut på sedan tankeförbudet mot kärnkraft slopades ett par år sedan. Med
tanke på detta så hade kanske skribenten ändå rätt om mig, även om hans
argument och motivation var ju av helt annan karaktär och dignitet…</span><!--EndFragment-->
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Imrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03166875874192687343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051921013300206678.post-37351205518292029072013-01-16T08:23:00.001-08:002013-01-16T08:23:50.316-08:00Kärnreaktorer löser naturens gåta <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<!--StartFragment-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Effektproducerande kärnreaktorer är tekniska
och ingenjörsmässiga anläggningar vars användning inte är relaterad till
grundforskning. De kom dock att visa sig vara oumbärliga i ett specialområde för
att utforska naturens innersta väsen, nämligen att avgöra om neutrinerna är
massiva eller masslösa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Neutriner är en av naturens mest gåtfulla
partiklar. De saknar elektrisk laddning och växelverkar med materia ytterst
svagt; t o m kan passera igenom hela jordklotet utan någon nämnvärd risk för att
bli absorberade. De är därför också svåra att detektera. De förekommer i tre olika
sorter (i elementärpartikelfysik kallas dessa ”smaker”, eng: flavours):
elektronneutrino, myonneutrino, och tauneutrino. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Länge trodde man att också neutriner, likt
fotoner, var masslösa. Men det har kommit indikationer om att de kan ha en
massa skilt från noll, om än väldigt liten. Enligt motsvarande teorin är de tre
neutrinosorter uppbyggda av tre olika masstillstånd. Om dessa massor är olika,
kan oscillationer mellan de tre olika sorter/smaker förekomma. En observation
av oscillationer mellan två neutrinosorter betyder att motsvarande
masstillstånd är olika, och därmed måste minst ett av dem vara skilt från noll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Att påvisa oscillationer är enklast genom att
mäta ett brist på en viss sort av neutriner på ett visst avstånd från en källa
där man vet att just sådana neutrinerna fanns med i källan. För bästa noggrannhet,
eller rättare sagt för att experimentet överhuvudtaget skall lyckas, finns ett
optimalt avstånd, eller ett område av optimal avstånd. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjaOvHo9u1FFWyv2BNRRPg3-5mN2-Ywu6NemW0X1Rm6YeKR6iWXxnsCTILLP38qY0YQPkjqEIxIg_egITRzbKqE7L3cdqmWzU3fgUM-e99gmzS6TsZWY06MRtdqmQqHw4mdzpjvDTgHXY/s1600/kamioka.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjaOvHo9u1FFWyv2BNRRPg3-5mN2-Ywu6NemW0X1Rm6YeKR6iWXxnsCTILLP38qY0YQPkjqEIxIg_egITRzbKqE7L3cdqmWzU3fgUM-e99gmzS6TsZWY06MRtdqmQqHw4mdzpjvDTgHXY/s200/kamioka.jpg" width="175" /></a><span lang="SV">Den första indikationen för
neutrinooscillationerna, och därmed om existensen av neutrinons massa, kom från
experimentet Super-Kamiokande i centrala Honshu i Japan (se karta). Man
påvisade oscillationer mellan myon- och tauneutrinerna genom att göra mätningar
på neutriner som alstras i atmosfären utav kosmisk strålning. Med
riktningskänsliga detekteringsmetoder mätte man dels på atmosfäriska neutriner
ovanför anläggningen, dvs nära detektorn, och dels på neutriner alstrade på
diagonalt motsatta sidan av jordklotet. Avståndet, en hel jorddiameter, var
perfekt för att visa oscillationerna genom att hitta en skillnad i
neutrinoflödet mellan dessa två mätningar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">De andra två oscillationstyperna, båda
relaterade till elektronneutriner, var svårare att påvisa för att det inte fanns
några lämpliga källor på rätt avstånd. Det är här kärnreaktorerna kommer in i
bilden. De är intensiva källor av elektronneutriner (egentligen antineutriner,
men det är oväsentligt i sammanhanget), och därmed lämpliga för att studera
både elektron-myonneutrino- och elektron-tauneutrino-oscillationer. Det har t o
m föreslagits att reaktorernas drift kunde övervakas från avstånd via
neutrinomätningar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAIKuEowhzr_mSWXb3P3gcM4SLQO1irjE0rbTdomlthhw3epBwkKnNjG_OtgqVSj10_IQ8QR2bCKJzdWjM4MzjfsOBQq6JbuKMo0jEZOzaTCoINAWyKtLD7ahTnFRwE4l20zDZJzuNOMs/s1600/suzuki.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAIKuEowhzr_mSWXb3P3gcM4SLQO1irjE0rbTdomlthhw3epBwkKnNjG_OtgqVSj10_IQ8QR2bCKJzdWjM4MzjfsOBQq6JbuKMo0jEZOzaTCoINAWyKtLD7ahTnFRwE4l20zDZJzuNOMs/s200/suzuki.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Dä</span>r visade sig platsen för Super-Kamiokande-experimentet
vara mycket gynnsam. Som det syns på kartan ovan, råkar det finnas ett stort antal kärnkraftverk i en ring runt
detektoranläggningen på ett avstånd mellan 140 till 180 km. Detektorn byggdes
om och kallades KamLAND. Det var där oscillationer mellan elektron- och
myonneutriner påvisades. En artikel, publicerad i Physical Review Letters av
forskargruppen ledd av Professor Atsuto Suzuki vid Tohoku Universitet, blev
världens mest citerade under en viss period i 2003. Reaktorer nämns även i
artikelns titel: ”First results from KamLAND: Evidence for reactor antineutrino
disappearance”. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Nu återstod bara den tredje typen av
oscillationer, den mellan elektron- och tauneutrinon. Även här är det
reaktorneutriner som kan användas, men reaktorerna runt KamLAND ligger inte på
lämpligt avstånd. Då ville neutrinofysikerna be om råd från reaktorfysiker och
det är hur jag själv blev inblandad i historian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Jag var på ett av mina otaliga besök i Japan
2005 och träffade mina kollegor vid Tohoku Universitet i Sendai. Jag fick ett
telefonsamtal om att universitetets vicerektor, Prof. A. Suzuki ville träffa
mig. Han ville veta om man kan konstruera en flyttbar kärnreaktor för neutrinoexperiment,
i jakten för den tredje typen av oscillationer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Han ville flytta reaktorn under jorden,
förmodligen rakt nedåt, eftersom man kan inte flytta en reaktor i tättbebyggda
områden. Det var ingen lätt fråga. Jag rekommenderade att använda en
underkritisk reaktor med en accelerator, så att reaktorn kan stängas av och
startas upp lätt mellan flyttningarna. Atomubåtar eller isbrytare, som hade
varit en möjlig variant, kom inte ifråga, eftersom avståndet till närmaste
kustområde var för stort.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Det blev inget av utav detta projekt, de
tekniska och säkerhetsmässiga problemen blev för stora och projektet för
kostsamt. Den tredje typen av oscillationer påvisades istället under 2012 i Kina
samt även i Frankrike och Sydkorea. Alla de tre experimenten använde även de
neutriner från kärnkraftverk. Det avgörande experimentet utfördes i Kina runt
de sex reaktorerna vid kraftverket Daya Bay, med sex antineutrinodetektorer.
Avståndet var mellan 0.5 och 1.5 km mellan detektorerna och reaktorerna. Den
flyttbara reaktorn som A. Suzuki tänkte för sig, hade inte behövts flyttas så
långa sträckor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="SV">Det var trevligt att höra om experimenten i
Kina och de andra ställen om bestämning av den tredje och sista typen av
neutrinooscillationer, eftersom jag har ett förflutna inom teoretisk fysik. Jag
läste till partikelfysiker vid universitetet i Budapest och valde stark
växelverkan som specialinriktning. Mitt examensarbete hette ”Dual
resonansmodell för mesonspridning med SU(6)-symmetri”. Neutriner växelverkar
genom den svaga kraften, så det är egentligen ett helt annat område. Men trots
detta och att jag inte är längre verksam inom partikelfysiken, så är jag givetvis
väldig glad för att mitt nuvarande område kunde tillföra något till
grundvetenskaperna, och att frågan om neutrinooscillationer är slutligen
avgjort.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--></div>
Imrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03166875874192687343noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051921013300206678.post-19837985981442383982013-01-14T06:03:00.000-08:002013-01-19T02:52:10.083-08:00The trip between Delhi and Agra 14 January 2013<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-GB">This trip
started 7:30 a.m. from the Radisson hotel in Delhi to Agra. It was one of the
most surrealistic experiences I ever had. Imagine driving in India with 80-90
km/h with heavy traffic and a visibility of sometimes not more than 20 metres.
A 5 hours long permanent adrenalin shot. Sara would have loved it. Sara is our
post-doc in fusion plasma physics, who loves getting an adrenalin shot and she is
a champion of driving go-kart.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The
surrealistic experience cannot be described. Neither captured on photo or
video, although I tried. But it can never be like the live experience. Try it
if you can, you will never regret. Of course you can book the trip but you
cannot book the fog. One must have luck too.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwNMox_zq77HQM-gq_IR9TiicvFf270QbCr3pD3aEftpcTjSL8pZKMbdxRbP5zIRnaFjCfNtgpRqofQfg0PQ86DHo39vCBVzVoSapgJAmuijOfyJMBPd_AyKvfr1CyPU3Os2b_9SmFhCQ/s1600/DSC03596.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwNMox_zq77HQM-gq_IR9TiicvFf270QbCr3pD3aEftpcTjSL8pZKMbdxRbP5zIRnaFjCfNtgpRqofQfg0PQ86DHo39vCBVzVoSapgJAmuijOfyJMBPd_AyKvfr1CyPU3Os2b_9SmFhCQ/s320/DSC03596.JPG" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-GB">The Indian
way of driving with seamless ease while having only a couple of centimetres to
the other cars on the right and the left. The indescribable intuitive sense of
avoiding collision when another car or bike comes across or decides to make a
u-turn, even if it often feels as if it was too late. But it never is. People trying to cross the road,
seemingly not worrying about the traffic, which duly flows around them.
Catching up with small trucks and tuk-tuks, with 4-5 people sitting on the back
side platform, their legs hanging out. Sometimes standing on some rail at the
rear of the tuk-tuk. Passing by motorbikes and mopeds, the driver being flanked
by a kid in front and the wife at the back, holding a few months old baby in
her arms. Sometimes passing them so close that the car nearly touches the
people sitting on the motorbike. Cars emerging from the fog only a few meters
ahead. The driver immediately pulls to the right (remember, there is left hand
drive traffic in India), and he can always trust that whoever comes behind will
anticipate such a move and will brake. Bikes, cars and lorries regularly popping
up by driving towards us, on the wrong side of the road. Not even a shadow of
irritation on the face of the other drivers. Men walking on the roadside in
kaftans, turbans, women in veils and saris. Women, carrying a big jar on their
heads. Passing by slum areas, huge city dumps. Animals on the roadside, dogs, but
mostly holy cows. It is cold in the morning in the Delhi area, especially in the fog, so the
cows are dressed up in various textile covers. Small trucks and tuk-tuks, carrying
the most unthinkable type of load, such as a whole mountain of cotton, so that
they look like big balloons from the distance. Even rickshaws and bikes with a
huge load, or a big ladder or beam mounted perpendicularly, sticking out several
metres on both sides. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The driver
was one of the big assets of the trip. Shikha told me to ask the travel agent
for a “mature” driver who would not take risks while driving me between the
destinations. Shikha just got her PhD at the University of Michigan, the best
nuclear engineering university in the US, with distinction. She gave me many
invaluable pieces of advice. I thought I understood what she meant when she
said it, but I also thought she was overcautious. Nevertheless, I asked the
travel agent who assured me that they only have responsible drivers. I realized
on the spot that I did not really get what Shikha meant. Driving in India is
not like driving in other places. I sat on a moped in Hanoi with a girl who
was hoping to sell me more than just driving me on her moped around the Hoan Kiem
lake, but our business interests did not match. I was just curious of the traffic, which seemed to be very hectic
also there. On the moped I realized that it was only hectic from the
outside, “in the lab system”. Within the traffic, in the “CM system”, it was
nearly serene. Low pace, everyone going with the same low speed, lanes kept,
and mostly mopeds and no cars. It felt much safer than driving anywhere else. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSh4MGT3mzj6BjE7z2z18Lde5drAEatlajWIaIytd5c5FjB4MTbU_fmpUWBK0cQzLAC16YL04UhgNrCw7Qi0xtKRsTC19F0ZSbN8Ro6-iCYUrORxEL4q9vyLLv_eDyivgu39r1169ZmmM/s1600/DSC03592.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSh4MGT3mzj6BjE7z2z18Lde5drAEatlajWIaIytd5c5FjB4MTbU_fmpUWBK0cQzLAC16YL04UhgNrCw7Qi0xtKRsTC19F0ZSbN8Ro6-iCYUrORxEL4q9vyLLv_eDyivgu39r1169ZmmM/s320/DSC03592.JPG" width="320" /></a><span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">But in
India it is different. The speed is always the maximum that the traffic allows.
And this is what my driver, Sudama, did too. We passed by most other cars on
the way and it could have seemed from the outside that he was taking risks.
However, I felt from the first second that he was a master of driving. In a way
everyone in India is a master with European standards, but he was a master with
Indian standards. It was part of the adrenalin kick. I did not have any reason
to be nervous, only excited. I trusted him just as much as people trust in “Hangover”
or “Shootout” in Liseberg in Göteborg and can afford getting an adrenalin kick
without being anxious. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The most
fascinating part, and this is where the “vocational disease” of being a
physicist sets in, was to see the permanent rearrangement of the topology of the
traffic. There are no painted lanes, but the number of cars driving parallel to
each other gives a number of lanes. This is however a random number in time.
Soon there comes some disturbance, like the road becomes narrower, the traffic
catches up with a lorry which is wider than the other cars, which have therefor
to intrude to other “lanes” etc. Not so seldom it is another car or tuk-tuk
which is in the middle of the road in a right angle with the traffic, just
trying to cross our traffic. The traffic has to flow around the obstacle. What happens is like a dislocation appearing in a
crystal – two rows of atoms need to become one, or rather three has to reduce
to two, four to three etc. Cars trying to cut in ahead of us both from the left
and the right. Our car tries to manoeuvre out one or the other, by pulling to
right or left. In the end someone has to give up and give way. This never
happens before the distance between the cars, tuk-tuks, bikes, or even people
trying to cross the road, becomes less than two centimetres. The flow is
transformed, one flow line disappears. When the road widens or the wide vehicle
is bypassed, a new lane can be formed again. The way it happens is also
unpredictable. It is a result of a sophisticated many-body interaction in which
all drivers observe and analyse the moves of all other drivers. The Indian
traffic system must the largest collective phenomenon in physics. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYXr5oPKf3WCHXWEH7zN4aofefBma5nhtY7-nf5ZmJ2iYpRcpn4WXGOWDx3B_dxqLSVEaMmt_RLD08PG0mO-iEr2lPVMyqXJL0SNVLapNFXGBPIxx28r14gmsY5TSX0qbiv3qw-uj3k0/s1600/DSC03588.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzYXr5oPKf3WCHXWEH7zN4aofefBma5nhtY7-nf5ZmJ2iYpRcpn4WXGOWDx3B_dxqLSVEaMmt_RLD08PG0mO-iEr2lPVMyqXJL0SNVLapNFXGBPIxx28r14gmsY5TSX0qbiv3qw-uj3k0/s320/DSC03588.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-GB">And then
the permanent usage of the horn. In many parts of the world it disappeared, in
most places it is simply forbidden. In India it is a necessity, it is
life-saving. It is an essential part of the few centimetres precision of the
coordination of the vehicles. On the back of each and every truck and lorry the
phrase is painted “Horn OK please”. They beg you to honk. They want to save
your life and their truck. Fair enough.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Now we approach Agra,
the fog broke up, the sun comes out. The magic of the unreal speedy driving in the milky fog
is broken, but the magic of the Indian traffic remains. I just wonder, how come
that India has no F1 world champion yet? I know the answer. It is not money. A
single Indian F1 driver could not count on that the other drivers are just as superb and co-operating than themselves. And then the whole thing would not work. </span><!--EndFragment--></div>
Imrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03166875874192687343noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7051921013300206678.post-84597469887450189752009-07-09T10:26:00.000-07:002009-07-09T11:18:51.575-07:00Telluride House i Ann Arbor, MichiganDetta är bara en uppvärmning, en första blogg på den här sajten. Jag kommer att skriva mer om den upplevelsen jag hade i mars i år under min vistelse vid University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Jag var där för att samarbeta med mina kollegor vid avdelningen "Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences" där jag tidigare blev invald som adjungerad professor. Men det är inte jobbet jag vill skriva om, utan om andra intryck som jag hade utanför universitetet.<br /><br />Telluride House i Ann Arbor är ett fantastiskt ställe, ett utav två sådana hus som drivs av Telluride Association. Mer om Telluride Association finns att läsa under<br /><a href="http://www.tellurideassociation.org/">http://www.tellurideassociation.org/</a><br />och om Telluride House under<br /><a href="http://www.telluride-house.org/">http://www.telluride-house.org/</a><br />Det är utvalda toppstudenter som bor gratis där (logi och mat är gratis alltså) och enligt intentionerna av grundaren skall ett fåtal (2 - 3) senior faculty bo tillsammans med studenterna för att ömsesidigt berika varandra. Det är alltså vad jag hade förmånen att göra under en månad.<br />Det var verkligen intressant med alla de nyfikna studenter som var amerikaner allihopa men såg ut som om de har kommit från jordens alla möjliga hörn. På andra länken ovan ser ni ett foto, <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb0lpJLdp4F1cHiblCYpFRnNP_i0LfO25vCIMqP_1OTO-L55yNQAyomTL7jextGnNHsQQ_g-WIilCow58lbg_XbLVMEBNLdgp8sSBejbATMHxTJAi2SeExvjRs2eNDKunxJyM67xYCId0/s1600-h/SNC00040.jpg"><img style="MARGIN: 0px 0px 10px 10px; WIDTH: 200px; FLOAT: right; HEIGHT: 150px; CURSOR: hand" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5356524910282504162" border="0" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb0lpJLdp4F1cHiblCYpFRnNP_i0LfO25vCIMqP_1OTO-L55yNQAyomTL7jextGnNHsQQ_g-WIilCow58lbg_XbLVMEBNLdgp8sSBejbATMHxTJAi2SeExvjRs2eNDKunxJyM67xYCId0/s200/SNC00040.jpg" /></a>taget förra året, där ungefär tre fjärdedelar av studenterna på bilden var fortfarande kvar i huset i år och var alltså mina grannar och vänner i huset.<br />Jag kommer att skriva mer om detta och andra upplevelser i senara bloggar. Se bara bussen till höger som trafikerar till campus från stan (gratis till universitetets anställda) i vackra svenska färger. Det är Michigans färger men är ganska lika till våra.Imrehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03166875874192687343noreply@blogger.com0